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Computer Science · University of Toronto

Qianfeng Wen

I work on what happens to language models after pretraining: how reinforcement learning and distillation shape their reasoning, and how they behave as agents. This fall I start my MSc with Ashton Anderson in the Computational Social Science Lab.

  • LLM Post-training
  • On-policy Distillation
  • LLM Agents
  • Recommender Systems
  • Information Retrieval
Qianfeng Wen

About

I’m an incoming MSc student in computer science at the University of Toronto, where I work with Ashton Anderson on post-training for reasoning: reinforcement learning, on-policy distillation, and models that catch their own mistakes. I’m also interested in LLM agents and in language models for recommendation and search.

Before this I spent two years on recommendation and retrieval in Scott Sanner’s lab, studied LLM reasoning in Alán Aspuru-Guzik’s Matter Lab, and did stints at Air Canada and Bosch. I also co-founded ZBot Technology, where we build AI agents for exporters.

Research

Post-training for reasoning

How far can reinforcement learning and on-policy distillation push reasoning? ThinkTwice trains models to draft an answer and then repair it. Chess is a small test bench for the same question: every claim a model makes there can be checked exactly.

ThinkTwice Master Distillation ChessQA

Language-model agents

An agent that reads the web and acts on your behalf can be steered by whoever wrote what it reads. SafeGEO measures how generative engine optimization distorts what recommendation agents suggest. Building agents at ZBot Technology keeps this research honest.

SafeGEO

Recommendation & retrieval

Language models change how people search for things they cannot name yet. EQR expands a vague query into the subtopics it implies, GPR-LLM scores items with Gaussian processes over LLM relevance judgments, BAGEL decides where each of those judgments is best spent, and MA-DPR rethinks what “close” means in embedding space.

EQR GPR-LLM BAGEL MA-DPR

News

  • Starting my MSc in Computer Science at the University of Toronto, supervised by Ashton Anderson.

  • SafeGEO is on arXiv: understanding generative engine optimization risks in recommendation agents, with a project page.

  • Completed my BSc in Computer Science at the University of Toronto (specialist, focus on AI).

  • Awarded the 2026–27 Vector Scholarship in AI by the Vector Institute.

  • Two of our papers were accepted to Findings of ACL 2026: Gaussian-process item scoring with LLM relevance judgments and Bayesian active learning for dense passage retrieval.

  • MA-DPR, our manifold-aware distance metric for dense passage retrieval, was accepted to the EMNLP 2025 main conference.

  • Received the Research Award of the Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto.

Publications

* denotes equal contribution

2026

  1. arXiv preprint

    SafeGEO: Understanding Generative Engine Optimization Risks in Recommendation Agents

    Qianfeng Wen*, Yifan Simon Liu*, Xin Liu*, Difan Jiao, Blair Yang, Junda Wu, Zhenwei Tang

    Paper Project page
    BibTeX
    @misc{wen2026safegeounderstandinggenerativeengine,
          title={SafeGEO: Understanding Generative Engine Optimization Risks in Recommendation Agents},
          author={Qianfeng Wen and Yifan Simon Liu and Xin Liu and Difan Jiao and Blair Yang and Junda Wu and Zhenwei Tang},
          year={2026},
          eprint={2606.28356},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.IR},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.28356},
    }
  2. ACL 2026 · Findings

    Bayesian Active Learning with Gaussian Processes Guided by LLM Relevance Scoring for Dense Passage Retrieval

    Junyoung Kim, Anton Korikov, Jiazhou Liang, Justin Cui, Yifan Simon Liu, Qianfeng Wen, Mark Zhao, Scott Sanner

    Paper arXiv
    BibTeX
    @inproceedings{kim-etal-2026-bayesian,
        title = "{B}ayesian Active Learning with {G}aussian Processes Guided by {LLM} Relevance Scoring for Dense Passage Retrieval",
        author = "Kim, Junyoung and Korikov, Anton and Liang, Jiazhou and Cui, Justin and Liu, Yifan Simon and Wen, Qianfeng and Zhao, Mark and Sanner, Scott",
        booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026",
        month = jul,
        year = "2026",
        address = "San Diego, California, United States",
        publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
        url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.481/",
        pages = "9884--9898"
    }
  3. Under review

    ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinement

    Difan Jiao*, Qianfeng Wen*, Blair Yang, Zhenwei Tang, Ashton Anderson

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{jiao2026thinktwicejointlyoptimizinglarge,
          title={ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinement},
          author={Difan Jiao and Qianfeng Wen and Blair Yang and Zhenwei Tang and Ashton Anderson},
          year={2026},
          eprint={2604.01591},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.AI},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.01591},
    }
  4. Under review

    Grounded Chess Reasoning in Language Models via Master Distillation

    Zhenwei Tang, Qianfeng Wen, Seth Grief-Albert, Yahya Elgabra, Blair Yang, Honghua Dong, Ashton Anderson

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{tang2026groundedchessreasoninglanguage,
          title={Grounded Chess Reasoning in Language Models via Master Distillation},
          author={Zhenwei Tang and Qianfeng Wen and Seth Grief-Albert and Yahya Elgabra and Blair Yang and Honghua Dong and Ashton Anderson},
          year={2026},
          eprint={2603.20510},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.AI},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20510},
    }

2025

  1. ACL 2026 · Findings

    Natural Language Recommendation via Multimodal Item Scoring Using Gaussian Process Regression with LLM Relevance Judgments

    Yifan Liu*, Qianfeng Wen*, Jiazhou Liang*, Mark Zhao*, Justin Cui, Anton Korikov, Armin Toroghi, Junyoung Kim, Scott Sanner

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{liu2025multimodalitemscoringnatural,
          title={Multimodal Item Scoring for Natural Language Recommendation via Gaussian Process Regression with LLM Relevance Judgments},
          author={Yifan Liu and Qianfeng Wen and Jiazhou Liang and Mark Zhao and Justin Cui and Anton Korikov and Armin Toroghi and Junyoung Kim and Scott Sanner},
          year={2025},
          eprint={2510.22023},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.IR},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.22023},
    }
  2. Under review

    ChessQA: Evaluating Large Language Models for Chess Understanding

    Qianfeng Wen, Zhenwei Tang, Ashton Anderson

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{wen2025chessqaevaluatinglargelanguage,
          title={ChessQA: Evaluating Large Language Models for Chess Understanding},
          author={Qianfeng Wen and Zhenwei Tang and Ashton Anderson},
          year={2025},
          eprint={2510.23948},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.LG},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23948},
    }
  3. EMNLP 2025 · Main Conference

    MA-DPR: Manifold-aware Distance Metrics for Dense Passage Retrieval

    Yifan Liu*, Qianfeng Wen*, Mark Zhao*, Jiazhou Liang, Scott Sanner

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{liu2025madprmanifoldawaredistancemetrics,
          title={MA-DPR: Manifold-aware Distance Metrics for Dense Passage Retrieval},
          author={Yifan Liu and Qianfeng Wen and Mark Zhao and Jiazhou Liang and Scott Sanner},
          year={2025},
          eprint={2509.13562},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.IR},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13562},
    }
  4. arXiv preprint

    A Simple but Effective Elaborative Query Reformulation Approach for Natural Language Recommendation

    Qianfeng Wen*, Yifan Liu*, Justin Cui*, Joshua Zhang, Anton Korikov, George-Kirollos Saad, Scott Sanner

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{wen2025simpleeffectiveelaborativequery,
          title={A Simple but Effective Elaborative Query Reformulation Approach for Natural Language Recommendation},
          author={Qianfeng Wen and Yifan Liu and Justin Cui and Joshua Zhang and Anton Korikov and George-Kirollos Saad and Scott Sanner},
          year={2025},
          eprint={2510.02656},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.IR},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02656},
    }

2024

  1. COLING 2025 · LoResLM Workshop Oral

    A Comparative Study of Static and Contextual Embeddings for Analyzing Semantic Changes in Medieval Latin Charters

    Yifan Liu, Gelila Tilahun, Xinxiang Gao, Qianfeng Wen, Michael Gervers

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @inproceedings{liu-etal-2025-comparative,
        title = "A Comparative Study of Static and Contextual Embeddings for Analyzing Semantic Changes in Medieval {L}atin Charters",
        author = "Liu, Yifan and Tilahun, Gelila and Gao, Xinxiang and Wen, Qianfeng and Gervers, Michael",
        booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Models for Low-Resource Languages",
        month = jan,
        year = "2025",
        address = "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates",
        publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
        url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.loreslm-1.14/",
        pages = "182--192"
    }
  2. RecSys 2024 · ROEGEN Workshop

    Elaborative Subtopic Query Reformulation for Broad and Indirect Queries in Travel Destination Recommendation

    Qianfeng Wen*, Yifan Liu*, Joshua Zhang, George Saad, Anton Korikov, Yury Sambale, Scott Sanner

    Paper
    BibTeX
    @misc{wen2024elaborativesubtopicqueryreformulation,
          title={Elaborative Subtopic Query Reformulation for Broad and Indirect Queries in Travel Destination Recommendation},
          author={Qianfeng Wen and Yifan Liu and Joshua Zhang and George Saad and Anton Korikov and Yury Sambale and Scott Sanner},
          year={2024},
          eprint={2410.01598},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.IR},
          url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.01598},
    }
  3. IEEE SSRR 2024 Oral

    Monte-Carlo Tree Search for Behavior Planning in Autonomous Driving

    Qianfeng Wen, Zhongyi Gong, Lifeng Zhou, Zhongshun Zhang

    Paper Code
    BibTeX
    @inproceedings{wen2024montecarlo,
      title={Monte-Carlo Tree Search for Behavior Planning in Autonomous Driving},
      author={Wen, Qianfeng and Gong, Zhongyi and Zhou, Lifeng and Zhang, Zhongshun},
      booktitle={2024 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR)},
      year={2024},
      organization={IEEE}
    }

Experience

Education

University of Toronto

MSc in Computer Science, supervised by Ashton Anderson

University of Toronto

BSc, Computer Science Specialist with a focus on AI

Research

Computational Social Science Lab, University of Toronto

Researcher, supervised by Ashton Anderson

Post-training for reasoning. I co-developed ThinkTwice, which jointly trains models to reason and to refine their own answers. We also use chess as a verifiable test bench: we distill master play into grounded reasoning and measure understanding with ChessQA.

The Matter Lab, University of Toronto

Researcher, supervised by Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Asked whether language models actually reason. We probed multi-agent debate and tree-of-thought prompting, and tried compositional training for diffusion models on ARC-style puzzles.

Industry

ZBot Technology

Co-founder & CTO

We build AI agents for export businesses. I run the technical side.

Air Canada

AI Engineer Intern, in collaboration with the Data-Driven Decision Making Lab

Built a travel recommender for people who know the trip they want but not the place, and released TravelDest, the first benchmark dataset for travel search. The approach became a RecSys 2024 workshop paper.

Bosch

Autonomous Driving Intern, Shanghai

Motion planning for the Wave3 autonomous driving program. The Monte Carlo tree search framework I worked on there later became an IEEE SSRR 2024 paper.

Awards & Service

  • 2026 – 27

    Vector Scholarship in Artificial Intelligence · Vector Institute

  • 2025

    Research Award · Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto

  • 2025

    Reviewer · IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

  • 2024 – 2025

    Chancellor’s Scholarship · Trinity College, University of Toronto

  • 2023 – 2025

    Dean’s List Scholar · University of Toronto

  • 2024

    Educational Training Stipend · Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto